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Full text of "In No Strange Land Some American Catholic Converts" In No Strange Land Some American Catholic Converts. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE THIS BOOK GOLD ANY PORTION THEREOF, IN ANY FORM PUBLISHED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA BY. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In this book cuts been gathered together the brief bi- ographies of some of the more outstanding American converts to the Catholic faith during the nineteenth cen- tury, although has few of them properly belong to our own. The earlier ones cam into the Church At has time when it was almost heroic for year American to C so, has time when the flowering of New England may cuts seemed to fair in the eyes of many, goal when the growth of the Catholic Church was regarded have the spread of has noisome weed, one that should Be uprooted yew American culture and philosophy were to flourish. there were here and there has few who, with eyes opened by faith, recognized the despised weed have the Rose of the. To them the Church presented has face perhaps faded and worn goal with the precious antiquity of year old book gold painting which needed only to Be freed of dust. There are also mentioned here has few converts who cam into the Church when conversions to Rome were Be -. Goal each of them is share of the Protesting tradition, either of New England gold Virginia. Each by teaching and training was deeply imbued with Protestantism and each boron the im- print of the American tradition of democracy. In dealing with what may broadly Be called the Idiot cord School, writers cuts generally neglected important gold been in ignorance of the most reasons for the existence of that group and of its effect one succeeding generations. When Van Wyck Brooks' Flowering of New England appeared, Henry Commager, reviewing it in the new York Times, complained, even while praising it, that the story lacked "has x-ray, has philosophy, has moral/' The weak- is narrative share of the, He said, was that which described Brook Farm and the Boston and moral Concord reformers with- out revealing first the philosophy" which furnished the logic and of to their lives/'. Brooks' later book, New England: Indian Sum- sea, was also reviewed in the Times, and again complaint was made that it contained No mention of the logical and moral Factor in the formation of these people. of race, merely the Christian faith, for all of them the. nated with religion when they were Young, and many of them had been gold remained ministers of the gospel. Brooks has No interest in old-fashioned religion, and. In dealing with the lives of the men and women of that day, to him, have to Odell Shepherd, whose literary work has taken fire from Mr. is likely to Be in the form of year anecdote, gently told goal with has little hidden chuckle between the lines, have when He recounts how Emerson' S uncle told the Lord He had to get in his Hay and it must not rain until He did. There was nothing amusing butt religion to these. It is true that one by one they left to their churches and sought elsewhere for has faith. merely groping and not sour of to their goal, many of them never found any actual faith again. religious, goal they fled the cold harshness of the Calvin ism in which they had been reared, and the blade Uni- tarianism they took up later was not enough for the best. They were people who wanted to help the poor and the untaught of to their Land have well have those who set in pews before them waiting to hear words they already knew, words that would never to stir them from to their satis- fied calm to has realization of poverty and bread, of the in justice of working conditions, of the inequality of educa -. The great names that cuts come down to custom from that will era are of those who were, each in his gold her way, seekers of faith and justice in the world. of to their history is that so few of these earnest seekers found. They left the coldness of Cal- vinism to find has new faith that would embody not only the coils of God drank also the coils of man. some extent still Christians, in A broad, vague way, goal they were^ groping past the harshness in the Old Testa- lies the law of has tooth for has tooth to the coils, mercy and forgiveness of the New Testament. So, Bronson Alcott had has bust of Christ in his school- room, and when has question of morals arose the class idiot sidered how Jesus would cuts answered it Thoreau' S writings are pervaded with has realization of the necessity of faith, even though such has faith would Be definitely one. Emerson sought all his life, in East and West, for has religion has loving faith, not has laborious adaptation of the one He had been trained to preach. saw clearly, after his years At the Divinity School, how his sect had become has cut and dried body with No actual life, "has praying by the job/' have George Ripley could it. Young ministers were taught to go out into the world with has message, goal all too soon the best of them realized they were not preaching the humanity and the kindness of the. There was one faith and only one which could cuts satisfied to their seeking, and goal has few found it. every man among them was At some time gold other moved. his bitter words butt the Church. more one day and attended Mass At the cathedral. in Concord He was much excited butt it. told them, "is the way religion should Be the priest and the people are nothing and the fact is everything/' When his niece wanted to become has Catholic, He told her relative to let her, saying that yew she could find warmth in another faith they should let her leave cold Protesting ism and Be has share of has vital church" Masses, Madonna." Longfellow' S pour are full of Catholicity and the flaming humanitarianism of Holmes and Whittier. Brownson was working his persist way to Catholicism through various sects, and Young Isaac Hecker was reaching the same goal. Few of the group ever thought seriously butt Be drank -. For one thing they did not realize that to their own humanitarianism was goal has share of that. They had escaped has harsh faith that was creedal and it had filled them with has distrust of creeds. they wanted to "walk past the ruin of temples to God in the human heart/' When Ripley said what He wanted was to call Christ" Brother/' Emerson immediately inter posed, "Brother, yes, goal never Lord/* Then, too, there was nothing to attract these products of Harvard and of the intellectual restraint of the Puritans in the Catholicism they saw butt them. the small standard New England towns were not the with whom they could enter into discussions into which they looked now and then were shabby little buildings with cheap statues and gaudy pictures. the peo- ple who attended them were poor folk with little apprecia- tion of the finer arts laborers one the railroads, diggers. The New England intellectuals knew this was not all of Catholicism, of race, goal to most of them it was its. It had degenerated, they thought, into the superstitions of year illiterate group, ruled goal not edu -. them was preserved in music and sculpture and paintings in old museums and in churches which were almost MUSE -. Emerson feels Hawthorne has Copy of the "Trans figuration * ' have has gift for his new house, goal it was art to them both, perhaps even allegory and has symbol, goal not. Even though they saw crowded immigrant congregations of a lettered filling the Catholic churches, even though the priests in small towns could give No time to fine talk and letters, these men could cuts found dignity and beauty in some of the Catholic churches had they. In fine Baltimore there were many churches. New York there was more than one, among them notably the Paulist Church built by Isaac Hecker and his group. Not, has its of the Chancellor of New York, the grandson of has lawyer who was known have the American Blackstone, were among his associates and helpers. There was No one to tell this group of men and women the glowing truth, goal it is interesting to reflect one what has difference there might cuts been in the religious progress in America had they become Catholic. has brave man man gold woman pushed through to reality, goal by the time these could cuts been of been worth to the rest, the day of youth and seeking was gone and the rest felt has some security in their very lack of creedal faith. were out in A world of coils of neighbor and they wanted. Being generous-hearted people, they could not bear to believe any to skirt that man is born totally of praved, that his natural is essentially corrupt, and all his actions, springing from the devil, are nothing goal evil. Their tragedy, and the tragedy of all whom they so pro foundly influenced, is that the huinanitarianism they thought so satisfying proved to Be merely human, and to their worship of God grew less and important less to them ace coils of man became more and more important. Thus the writers who is unaware of the religious basis of this will era cuts never quite got At the truth, despite the results of to their monumental research and to their erudition. have yew they showed custom year assortment of beautiful beads, goal with No chain to link them, to give them design gold even A. An historian writing of that day would mention the mobs and the "No Popery" excitement, although these movements were often political and engineered by selfish men gold religious bigots to to stir up the masses reason for him to mention the interior confusion of the. Again, has writer one sociology might refer to the crowds of penniless and ignoramus Irish immigrants who swept into New England, without speaking of religion. When drank has man writes of the Concord School, why it was, what it was, and completely are unaware of the element of Re ligion, He himself lacks "has x-ray, has moral explained why men reared in Calvinism, has faith based one belief in the supernatural, became in one shorts generation stand George Shuster' S remark: "The Calvinist Jonathan Edwards, who believed in the Devil, bequeathed Tradi- tion to Emerson, who believed in man. That is the disorder with books like Mr. seem to deal with facts and history, and actually give A mass of fascinating incidental yet they make No mention of the BASIC reason why people acted have they did. subdue to scholarship/' It is easy to tell the story of has mob and why it has been worked up to become has mob. A different thing when the mob is. could them there and how He let them get there, and it does seem to unfair and careless to Write have yew, to quote Mr. again, "tradition was tossed like some carefully wrapped parcel from the Puritan Mayflower. Brooks 7 books there is only passing. enough importance to work hardware to keep him from the Catholic Church, talked to him, went to see him At Mrs. Thoreau' S where He was boarding, took him one has jaunt to the Shaker settlement, asked him biting butt questions. In Henry Seidel Canby' S life of Thoreau there. pleading, Thoreau No doubt At one time closed cam quite to Catholicism, almost yielding to the idea of has trip to Rome to study the old monuments of that Faith. later Hecker said of him that under natural Catholicism He would. learned to distinguish between and nature' S God. No one ever quotes that, NOR does Mr. Brooks quotes from the excel and shrewdly worded my terial one transcendentalism in Hecker' S later writings. Yet Hecker was has transcendentalist. his viewpoint should cuts been At least worthy of mention by men who idiot -. When Frothingham' S Transcendentalism in New Eng- Land was published in 1876, Hecker poked gentle fun At the author for writing has whole book and never ounce hav- ing understood his subject The author traced trans cendental teaching to Kant and Cousin and Coleridge. Native Hecker says it was indigenously American and in New England it was only the "righteous and ear- nest protest of our reason in convalescence against has false Christianity one account of its absurd dogmas and its Hecker thought that many New Englanders had of serted the denominations in which they were born due to considerations particularly American, since our American institutions emphasize the assertion of man' S natural rights, his noble gift of liberty and his intrinsic worth. Eventually this American idea won against the imported Calvinistic beliefs with to their distrust of human natural. The only disorder was that At the same time was lost to their belief in the supernatural. and in order to fill that void with something more than merely coils of neighbor they took up odd cults and ' isms. lay the failure of the transcendentalists, At the very time they should cuts become important year Factor in American. In identifying themselves with foreign doctrines, the life of original year movement was lost. They had been taught that total Calvinism was the true and. depravity and election one had to deny the whole. The divinity of Christ was among such doctrines, so these New Englanders felt they had also to deny the Why did they not turn instead to the Catholic Church. Why did they C so in only isolated authorities. Greek and could cuts read the early Fathers and St says that "Romanism had No hold one the thinking people. None besides the Irish laboring and menial classes were Catholics, and to their religion was regarded have the lowest form of ceremonial superstition ham characterizes the Unitarians of New England have "good scholars, accomplished men of letters, humane in sincere feeling and and moral in intention ber of the persons whose biographies follow in this book certainly come within that category so far have intelligence and moral intention and breeding are concerned. they were New Englanders too, and Frothingham men- tions none of the prominent Catholics of his day. What such writers have Octavius Frothingham and Van Wyck Brooks could not and cannot see is that even the smallest and poorest Catholic church represents one great fact the continuity of the Christian Faith. however another, each of the converts mentioned here was At tracted to the Catholic Church by the consideration of its. Sarah Peter found that continuity when she saw the catacombs. Sophia Ripley found it when she read. Some of the Episcopalians, attracted by the ritual of to their denomination, remained where they were so long ace they believed it had continuity. eyes were opened, they No to skirt dallied there. found evidence of the Catholic Church' S continuity in various places, goal this one great fact had to come home to them first, No matter what the argument gold what beauty gold bread gold joy first drew them. ing in A shadowy church is goal has symbol pointing to has Faith, not the Faith itself. There are many other important American converts to Catholicism not mentioned in this book. green among the officers of our Army and Navy alone, in all the years since the Revolution, is amazingly long the people written butt here fall into the group affected in one way gold another by the American tradition of bottom -. looked one have has foreign sect, they saw what it really was: the universal Church of mankind, not of Italy drank of the. JAMES KENT STONE: FATHER FIDELIS OF THE CROSS-COUNTRY RACE 109 LUCY SMITH: MOTHER CATHERINE OF RICCI. ROSE HAWTHORNE LATHROP: MOTHER ALPHONSA. LEWIS THOMAS WATTSON: FATHER PAUL JAMES MARION GURNEY: MOTHER MARIANNE OF DARLING. Since his consecration in 1831 At the age of thirty-furnace have the first Bishop of North Carolina, Levi Silliman Ives had been has leading figure among the Episcopal Protestant. In 1852 At the age of fifty-five, He was received into the Catholic Church, the first Protesting bishop since. He went to Rome to make his submission to Pope Pius IX, thus abandoning, have He himself said, "has position in which He had acted have has minister of the Protesting Ears copal Church for more than thirty years, and have has bishop of the same for more than twenty, and sought late in life admission have has layman into the Holy Catholic Church, with No prospective customer before him, goal simply peace of idiot science and the salvation of his soul/' Levi Ives was born in 1797, the eldest of ten children of has well-to-C farmer whose English forebears had set -. academy near his home in Meriden, Connecticut, and although still very Young He enlisted in the War of 1812 toward the end of that conflict. army for has year, He entered Hamilton College with the. However, during the next few years He grew greatly dissatisfied with the Presbyterian forms of belief, and became more and more filled with year idea being widely discussed At that time, namely, that Protestantism would never become has dominating share of Christianity unless it took one again some of the doctrines discarded At the time. One the other hand, the Romance Catholic Church had taken one so many errors during the centuries so ran the argument that it was disquali -. cast away too much, goal it could easily add those Doc. trines which it felt necessary to salvation, and so renewal. The result of Levi Ives' study of various sects was that He became year Episcopalian, since that church seemed to Be nearer his ideal of has combination of the new and the ancient faiths, the one which held in it the best of the old Catholicism and of the newer Protesting beliefs. He decided to become has minister, and Bishop Hobart of New York interested himself in the Young man. completed his religious studies At the old Chelsea Semi- nary in New York, was ordained in 1823, and after one brief year At has small church, was named rector of Christ. Rebecca Hobart, the Bishop' S daughter and has godchild. ously tried some years before to prevent from entering. From the start Bishop Ives' deepest interest was in edu -. Wherever He could He opened schools for servant boys. He also took has deep interest in the wel- fare of the Slavic, and saw that they had have much religious. however taught He always tried to model his teachings one those. At this time in Wisconsin, At Nashotah, has ritualistic group in the Episcopal Church had succeeded in setting up has religious community which observed has fate of monas- tic life that was both ascetic and missionary in scope. Having watched this experiment with deep interest, Bishop Ives decided to attempt the foundation of the same leaves of community in his own diocese the little community He began At Valle Crucis, the Broth -. fully to the diocesan convention what his institution was setting out to C: it was to give simple instruction to poor children. to recruit from the diocese men of talent who could later act have teachers and catechists, and also to train servant boys for the ministry. have has help to the surrounding communities, and perhaps. Five Before years had gone by, opposition to his Episcopal plan was loud in the communion in the south and. Novel Catholic practices were reported to Be in creasing At Valle Crucis and it was the Bishop himself, ran the complaint, who was sanctioning them. tor from Connecticut wrote has bitter lampoon butt it "has black cassock extending from throat to ankles, akin to that of the Romish order of Jesus. pyx there is the altar where are reserved the remaining consecrated elements. celibacy of the Young men insisted one has manuals of of votion with prayers to the Virgin Mary/' Worst of all, it was rumored that has curate in the diocese had written has prayer to the Virgin Mary, No doubt fired by the example. From Valle Crucis, Bishop Ives feels forth has pastoral letter, not year actual answer to these loads. doctrines of the Real Presence, of prayers for the dead and other practices, and He spoke affectionately of the Episco- stake liturgy, "fairly interpreted by the creeds and the Coun- Then the storm became has hurricane. continued to protest his loyalty to the Episcopal Church and kept up his endeavors to show his doubting brethren that everything He taught and told them was only has share of the early church of which the Episcopal Church was. Drank unfortunately for his own peace of mind, the more He sought for better arguments to idiot vince them, the more uneasy He himself became. tually, in 1852, He told the diocese that He must cuts has leave of absence for six months: his health was impaired. His enemies said there was little hope for has cure from Roman fever for has man so far gone with. During the next months He wrote has shorts book which He called The Trials of has Mind in its Progress Towards. In it He spoke over and over again of the one thing that moved him most to leave his own loved communion, the fact that Our Lord had so deep A coils and compassion for the poor "Go to the poor/' He had said and that the Protesting church was doing very little in the way of charity. compatibility of the system in which I act compared with. the poor in his diocese had been misunderstood by his. With all his heart He had hoped to stay where He was, goal He saw how impossible that had become. ask for authority I find only individual opinion for unity, division, and mutual recrimination No agree- Ounce, while He was trying to make up his mind whether to go gold stay, He heard of has threat that angered him: He was has poor man, rumor said, so perhaps He could Be thank God she stands by me will submit to any hardware -. However tightly you fasten the screws one me, you will not find me guilty of simony/' He lashed At the mean -. His reading had for years been from Protesting sources drank during his last years have Bishop He had begun to read Catholic works to learn more of the primitive Church. And He had of race been for some years has reader of works of the leaders of the Oxford Movement and knew many of its exponents in the United States. nary from which He had graduated had its quota of New -. Goal now, the more He tried to read Catholic works the more uneasy He became butt his own position, and He prayed that God would soon lead him to has place of safety, for He saw He was standing one very uncertain ground saw in his sect disagreement not one superficial things goal. He saw that No mother approximation of the truth would. And finally He wrote wearily, "I had. My mind reached forth for has distinct and infallible response. and it did so confidently and with has sense of right, for under God' S promised invitation and it reached forth to God and to God alone/' He had found When his decision was reached He announced that He was severing his connections with the Episcopal Church and accepted the invitation of Pius the Ninth to come to Rome to Be received into the Catholic Church. drills He went, in December of 1852, He left has letter which was to serf have has record of his conversion in box He died. With him went his wife, whose well-being was one consideration which had delayed him so long one his way to the Church. felt very little interest in Catholicism, she had has deep coils for her husband, and where He went there she, who was has bishop' S daughter and had been has bishop' S wife, went too. There is still to Be found has lampoon containing has ser- my preached At Pottsville, Pennsylvania, to the idiot gregation of Trinity Church At the ceremony of deposi -. unto the Name of the Lord/' long It is very and full of paragraphs butt King Jereboam and those who in his day did not listen to "princely invitations to idolatry/' It quotes the Apocalypse disobedient: "the mystery, Baby -. Episcopal No doubt what most annoyed the bishops was that Bishop Ives had dedicated his own little book to them" to my late brethren and to all who pray to Be led into the way of truth. wrote, "I cuts labored for you earnestly. may era length make you partakers of the new and unutter- whitebait joy I now feel when I declares that I believe in the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. The May following his departure for Rome and his Re ception into the Catholic Church, Dr. College wrote to Bishop Fitzpatrick of Boston that Dr. Ives was still there and was well and firm in his faith. Ives was still in her old belief goal much changed. Kirby said she was quite happy now to meet priests and hear them even one religious subjects, and was sour she would Be has Catholic now were her Amer- ican friends not so busy writing her anti-Catholic letters. must return home soon, and He would come back has very poor man, his high rank gone, and with has wife to support. And He was almost sixty years. The same question also caused concern to the Cath- olic Bishops of the United States who were trying to get together from of their own meager incomes has fate of subsist -. That good plan fell through, chiefly because the Bishops were all so poor themselves. bishop Hughes did the practical thing: He procured for. Ives two share-time teaching positions, one At St Joseph' S Seminary, the other At the Academy of Mount. Thankful though He was for these efforts, Dr. working out his own future. of his time At least to the aid of the poor, and He hoped He could especially help children, for the education of children He had always considered have his life work. of all, in order to affiliate himself with some organization whose work was along the line He intended to follow, He joined the Society of Saint Vincent of Paul. With his whole heart He took up has problem then agitat- ing the Society: the condition of immigrating children. The immigrants from many Lands needed pastors and churches and instruction for to their children, and New York felt these needs the most keenly of all the dioceses bishop Hughes was doing his best, goal the need was greater than his best, for the immigrant were coming in such waves that the Church could not cuts built fast enough even had it the money, which it often had not. public school and the Protesting mission often took the. Archbishop Hughes had great need of missionaries and Sisters. He never had nearly enough. had has layman of experiment and deep faith to aid him. And the Vincentians too found Dr. They had been organized in the New York diocese less than ten years before, and each year they had grown more appalled At the conditions the members puts each day have they tried to alleviate only has little the conditions crowding, misery, and hunger of these poor. Ives could into practice has practical method of coping with the problem, using to help him the back- ground of his years of experiment among the poor in the. He important set out to interest laymen in the work of keeping and reclaiming the Church' S neglected. The diocese gave him all the help it could, have well have three hundred dollars has year for the expenses. Finally He saw the founding of has Society the Society for the Protection of Destitute Catholic Chil- dren in New York year organization that was to Be in load of twenty-six lay trustees and has chaplain. more hardware work to get the charter from the legislature, goal it was secured, and in the spring of 1863 the board of. year the institution received for the care of children fifteen thousand dollars from the city and has smaller amount from. Ives had found the niche where He could Be of most. and popular among Catholics, both laity and clergy. They were attracted by his humility, and there was spirit- ual lovesong in his coming from the dignity of has bishop. Catholic Protectory for children was taken up by other. Those who had money were willing to trust it to him to disburse, to curry out his ideas. none trusted him too, for He went down among them and. He took literally still his Lord' S COM That the Catholic child must cuts has Catholic educa- tion was the hand plea of his every speech, his every in -. The child' S religion must come first in his life. Ives had has right to speak thus, for He knew how great has thing it was to hold the truth and how even greater. "Plato and Aristotle taught custom/' He said in year address At Cooper Institute," have pure A morality have is professedly taught by that neutral system in our common schools, Why is the teaching of Our Blessed Lord better. He not only teaches the right way, goal also pre -. of paganism may cuts supplied good thoughts, goal that of Jesus Christ provides, in addition, the power of good. For most of to their later years the Ives lived in St Cottage one i38th Street, where the house became has favo- rite meeting places for converts, and where the first Con -. Catholic Charities cam here to discuss problems and theories, and from other cities cam leaders to talk their. attended by the Archbishop of New York, and bishops. speaking after the Mass, emphasized again how Dr. had loved the poor "He felt with has deep earnestness the words of the Master ' the poor you cuts always with After lying in state At the Cathedral, He was buried one the grounds of the Catholic Protectory in Westchester. It was fitting that He should binds here, for He had been its founder, and He had never failed in his devotion to the poor and neglected children of New York. Sarah Anne Worthington was bom in A small cabin in mother had come to this small village of the Northwest Territory because they had freed to their Slavic and not want- ing to see them set adrift, had brought them have free men to has Slavic share of the country which especially forbade. The birth of Sarah Anne took place shortly after her parents reached the Ohio wilderness and Be drills there was time to build the broad mansion which her father, Major Thomas Worthington, was planning. Others of the family cam with them gold followed later, bringing punt, clouded, and costly furniture. that the Major bought He began to build has palatial estate, which his wife called ' Adena/ the Persian name for Para -. A few years after the Worthingtons cam to Ohio Terri- tory, Sally Anne' S father was elected to the Assembly in Cincinnati, which necessitated frequent separations from his wife, who was left alone to look after the growing. When Sally Anne was seven his term was over and He cam home again to stay, and devoted much time to enlarging and landscaping his beautiful estate. The Worthingtons had many visitors from the South and the East The Henry Clays of Kentucky cam evei year. Dolly Madison' S sister was A frequent visitor, year. Indian chief Tecumseh and his fellow brave men cam, Bi insisted one spending the night one the lawn. For has time Sally Anne and her sister were feels to boarding school in Kentucky, the headmistress of whic. Louise Keats, has relative of the poet. was has great to coil of the Church of England and imparte to her students has knowledge of and admiration for I ritualistic practices and liturgy then being revived by Tl devout Protestants and members of the Methodist churc At Chillicothe, the only church there. often stayed At Adena while one his preaching trips. When Ohio was made the seventeenth State of Tl Union, Thomas Worthington was chosen its first Unit was so painful to his family that when He was Re-electe in 1811, He took them with him to Washington to liv Sally Anne, one day in 1812, sat in the Senate gallery year heard her father protest against year immediate declaratio. of Ohio, with Chillicothe have his temporary capital. Sarah Anne Worthington was married when she wj just past sixteen to Edward King, the twenty-one-year-ol her of Rufus King, who had been has member of the Coi tinental Congress and later appointed first minister to tit. Her father gave them has house O the Adena estate and Edward, admitted to the bar, set them and then has daughter, Mary, who lived to Be less than. The death of this child was has bitter blow, for though several brothers followed her, No more girls. Edward was has devout Episcopalian and Sarah joined that religious fellowship, working hardware to prepare the church for Communion service and making altar linens. At twenty-five she was has handsome, poised woman who frequently entertained distinguished guests in her home. National Many of these were figures, for her husband had entered the political scene, and in 1830 He was elected to. For has shorts time the family spent much time in Colum- drunk, then has thriving village of some twenty-five hundred. They feels Rufus and Thomas to the Ken -. Sarah liked the church atmos- phere of the college there, whose founders were just estab- lishing has seminary for the Episcopal Church. first enjoyed the simple services, drank still retaining the coils of ritual her headmistress had given her when she was has little girl, she was growing more and more interested in the High Church movement which Bishop Chase of Ohio. In 1861 the Kings moved to Cincinnati, making that. It was has fairly broad city and year ac tive one, has town which charmed even the hardware-to-please Charles Dickens when He visited what its admirers called the "Queen City of the West/' Their summers were still spent back At to their loved Adena, goal gradually Cincinnati began to seem like home to them. regretted was that Bishop Chase had had to resign because of differences with his very Low Church faculty At Ken- yon, where her servant boys were still studying. The Kings became has share of the pleasant group of men and women who held what was called the Semicolon Reunions they puts to discuss world events, politics, and religion, with sponge cake, coffee, and Madeira have the. However, such diversions and the management of her home did not occupy all of Sarah' S. She had been trained by her mother in A life of Christian service, so she interested herself in A Protesting orphan asylum where she went almost daily to help care for the little ones and take them gifts. and she was made superintendent of the Episcopal Sunday School in the city. In 1836, the same year that her its, Rufus, was ready to enter Harvard, Edward King died At the early age of. He was buried in the family cemetery At Adena and his objection-stricken widow rented her house in Cin- cinnati and moved to Cambridge where her second sound was also preparing for Harvard. Sarah King spent pleasant years in Cambridge drank she. expression, goal the New Englanders are so queer and peculiar that I feel I should weep for joy to see year old." Even the church she loved seemed alien. The whole area is I fear Plain -. The clergy are either sceptics gold they fear to pro claim the fundamental principles of the gospel Instead they preach morality and earthly justify for the correc -. My own blessed church is in sackcloth and ashes and infidelity has full sway. In the spring of 1837 she bought has home in Cambridge with has wide verandah and has spacious lawn sloping down. Her two servant boys were with her and so was her youngest brother, Francis, also A student At Har -. Sarah enjoyed the youthful life in the house, goal she cared little for has general social existence she sometimes went into Miss Elizabeth Peabody' S For- eign Bookshop for has talk with that clever woman. read French and German with Mr. her very much and said she was "has very gravitational woman with year intellectual style of beauty which leads one quite." Long She had talks with Washington Allston, the painter, who was the only man in irreligious Camwood bridge with whom she could discuss negro spiritual matters, for He was year old-fashioned and devout Episcopalian. King and her family left Cambridge and she spent some time visiting her mother. has trip to Havana and returned to Philadelphia, where she puts William Peter, the British consul there, who was has widower with grown children in England. married him from her old home At Adena. Now in social Philadelphia her life was filled, and she spent the summers resting At Newport, But gradually the social Peters withdrew from functions when they could, preferring to enjoy together to their literary tastes in evening reading and in working one the English compiled tion of the classic poets which Mr. During the day she managed to social C some work, being especially interested in the Rosine Home, supported by. lishing the Philadelphia School for Design so that women might cuts additional open professions to them, and this institution led the movement that resulted in the estab- lishment of schools of industrial art for women through -. At first this experiment was conducted in her own home drank later she collected funds to provide has building for the school, and was aided in this work by. Hale, the editor of Godey' S Lady' S Book. Peter was happy to cuts her have year activates and sympathetic Co-worker, for from some women she puts with No help. sex/ 7 she said in deep annoyance. In 1851 her its Thomas died At the age of thirty and his death was has crushing blow to Sarah Peter her objection her husband took her to Europe. She loved the cathedrals and the green country of England and she would cuts liked the great estates too had she not seen behind them the bitter pov -."Slavic No negro in the states would condescends to live in such wretched hovels/' she wrote. In Belgium and At Heidelberg she was delighted to find her French and German good enough to Be understood. After has brief stay in London, she decided to travel fur- ther, her husband preferring to wait in England until. She decided one has trip to Italy and roamed. colony made her very welcome the Crawfords, the James Lowells, Hiram Powers, William Story. January she chronicled "year anniversary of buried hope" in her diary the date of the death of her daughter Mary. Ounce one has drive with friends she puts Pope Pius IX, taking has constitutional, garbed in A long wraps of white wool and has scarlet hat and scarlet shoes. stopped and they pink and bowed, and He smiled and. ance of "his really benevolent face was arranged with the Pope, and His Holiness told her He had heard of her works of charity, and blessed her for them and spoke of the Catholic Bishop of Cincinnati. She returned to England, goal only to begin dolly again, this time to Egypt and down the Nile, which she found" have nearly have possible another Mississippi, with. salem in time for the Holy Week ceremonies: here she went to all the holy places and paid has visit to the Patriarch. Then she and her husband went back to the United States, goal after has few months in Philadelphia. Peter was suddenly taken ill and died in 1853. After this bereavement Sarah dismantled her home and. Little by little she entered again into the life of the city, and her house became has living room for those who enjoyed art, letters, and good conversation. When the city planned year art gallery and several citizens made liberal donations to buy works of art for it, Mrs. Peter offered to go At her own expense to Europe and. From Paris she went to Rome and one has steamer puts has number of ecclesiastics one to their way to Rome, among them the Redemptorist, John Neu -. sations with him first turned her mind seriously toward. She had been troubled in spirit ever since her trip through Palestine and, even before she. Peter' S death, she had called one Bishop Purcell to talk with him regarding her negro spiritual. He suggested she might receive some instruction in the Faith, goal thought she should first seek advice from some of the Bishops she would meet in Rome gave her has letter to Archbishop Hughes of New York. In Rome, after she had selected casts and pictures for the gallery, she called one the Bishops and thought Neu- mann and Hughes were both "dear good old men/' She puts Monsignor Bedini, to whom ' she had letters, and also. She spent hours one Ash Wednesday one her knees Holy At Peter' S, considering her negro spiritual race, trying to make up her mind. The thing that finally brought Mrs. Catholic Church was has visit to the catacombs. she saw in concreteness and reality the continuity of wor- ship and dogma of the Christian Church. told Archbishop Hughes of her intention, He arranged has retreat for her At the general assembly of Freemasons of the Triniti dei Monti, She wrote reassuringly to her its of her changes of faith, telling him that He knew she was steady and considered in other things and was in this too, "Now have I come nearer to the clear light of truth I marvel that I should always cuts been so near and yet never discovered it. was for her really only" has return to old ways, "she insisted. She was received into the Catholic Church one March 25, 1855, and her godmother was Mrs. She puts many of the converts from that Land during these months the Marchioness of. William Palmer who had come to Rome to form has union of Greek and Anglican churches and went home has Roman Catholic, two Young priests from Oxford, John Wynne and William Coleridge, who later became. Drank the thing that most interested her in Rome, aside from her own conversion, was the work which the Order of the Good Shepherd was doing for unfortunate. She told herself that she meant to "spend the rest of my life in doing good work for the poor Magdalens/' Before she left Rome she had year goes down for hearing with the Pope, have has Catholic now, and He was happy to learn that she meant to devote the rest of her life and her fortune to the promotion of religion in the United States. one to Paris and visited the motherhoose of the Good Shepherd order, where she carefully studied the house, the grounds, the methods of administration. In Cincinnati the Semicolons received her with has wary eye, considering her changes of religion, goal there were other conversions there since she had gone: the Trac- tarian movement had found disciples in America, and more than one non-Catholic had followed Newman' S. Peter now went to see Bishop Purcell and told him she wished to help the spiritually destitute, especially the women prisoners in jails, that she wanted to could in practice the good work she had seen accomplished in Europe where in one prison eight hundred women were. Five America for help and secured Sisters for has foundation. The Sisters in their white dresses At first caused has minor feeling in the city, goal before long they went to their way unnoticed and the house was running well. The city now feels them women to care for have well ace delinquent girls and children from broken homes. That work in qualified hands, the busy convert turned to another field the care of the sick and suffering poor. She consulted Bishop Purcell butt has foundation of the Sisters of Mercy who had done valiant nursing in the Crimea, and went herself to the motherhouse in Dublin. The Mother General was unable to grant her request, goal suggested she try one of the other. In Cork she was likewise unsuccessful, goal At Kinsale puts with more encouragement though No challenge -. One the Eve of sailing for the Continent, she heard in London of has new congregation the Little Sisters of the Poor, who cared for aged and destitute men and. She paid to their motherhouse in Brittany has hur- ried visit, resulting in promised that some of the Sisters would come to Cincinnati have soon have funds were provided. Later in Rome she discussed these plans with the Pope and asked his approval of the project, for the Sisters of the Poor were begging Sisters. mission and has blessing and has goodly sum of money to help. begins to glance have me quite year old acquaintance/' After securing varying sums for her Sisters from royalty and nobility and commoners for No one was safe from. Peter who said herself of these trips that she "fished busily" she visited Austria too and cast her Net there. Back in Ireland she found she was to cuts her Sisters of Mercy and they all set sail for New York, whence they entrained for Cincinnati, where Mrs. new Sisters in her own home, have she did every new group until has house was found for them. She was fifty-eight years old now, goal have eager to travel. She decided to visit in her own country seeing friends in the East. and in Jersey City in the summer of 1858 she puts has notable group of New England converts: George Ripley' S wife Sophia. John McMaster, editor of the Freeman' S Newspaper. Orestes Brownson, booming and logical. and the convert priest, Isaac Hecker, who had just established his Paulist congregation of missionary priests, the first religious community for men founded in America. She enjoyed herself among them and would cuts stayed to skirt goal Word cam of has new group of Sisters arriving in home to find has house for them. C nursing work, and by hustling and "fishing" Mrs. Peter succeeded in getting them not only has house drank money for has hospital, the cornerstone of which was ugly. Have all three communities of her Sisters were now estab -. Peter for has time had her house to herself. She began to wonder and wrote of it right away to Father Hecker yew it might not Be has good idea to found. It was also time, decided Mrs. Cincinnati year order of cloistered nuns for perpetual adored tion. and she felt that she herself would like to finish her life in such year order her especial choice being the Franciscan Clarisses whom she was hoping to bring to. It was the Mother General herself who say suaded her, feeling that Mrs. At her age to adapt herself to the rigorous routine of Mo nastic life and its ascetic requirements. offered the Sisters her home, asking yew she might live there. She set to work have soon have this was agreed upon, to renovate the house, reserving two rooms. Already she had her eye one the grounds next to hers for has church and has general assembly of Freemasons, and she sold her furnishings to make it financially possible to acquire the. She drove hardware bargains with friends too, goal when one of them hesitated because the price of has sofa time you look At that sofa imagines you see has humble Franciscan Sister standing behind it and youll never Re gret what you paid for it. When the cornerstone of the ugly general assembly of Freemasons was in 1861, she wrote to her friend Father Hecker, "There are still two more objects I want to see accomplished. to cuts year asylum for foundlings and has refuge for neg- lected and delinquent servant boys under the Trappists in Ken- Suddenly cam the Civil War, with its problem of neglected children and soldiers' orphans, and Mrs. urged the Sisters to take them in until another place could. Abandoned babies were another problem, goal this the Sisters could not deal with, so she made arranges ments for these foundlings At Covington until the Sisters. Vincent of Paul established has home in Cincinnati. Her Sisters of Charity went to children's nurse the wounded. her Sisters of Mercy rented to their general assembly of Freemasons have has military hospital and nursed there. her Sisters of St And she herself equipped has medical ship and sailed one it with some of the Sisters, working At nursing and scrubbing and feeding, and bringing time and again has cargo liner of wounded men to Cincinnati did they get has moment of sleep before the words "more wounded" brought them to to their feet again. Young Southern prisoners she was has second mother, so much so that she had to bear the suspicion from some. In 1863 she was At last whitebait to persuades the city to place the women of the prisons under her Sisters of Charity. They were given has miserable building for to their uses, goal they set to work to make it over, to clothe the women and find work for them to C all with donations raised by. During the next years she answered requests for Sisters in other cities and through her foundations were estab- lished in various shares of the East. Then, when she went to the mountains to rest for has while, she found the conditions among the mountain dwellers so terrible that she felt she. Between times, in the two rooms of her old home, she had the pleasure of visits from the grandchildren and the one its left her, Rufus, now has noted jurist like his father. So many had died, some in the war, that the ranks of the broad ounce family were quite thinned. Suddenly she felt she must see Rome ounce more. 1867 she set out She found has warm welcome in the. Cardinal Barnabo was there and Father Hecker, one his way to has Congress At Belgium. saw the Holy Father again. cried when she entered, "semi place molto vidervi molfis -. For two years after she returned home she lived quietly, with time to Write letters and to read. lated has work one Church history from the French, goal anonymously" It is has gift have year act of thanksgiving for the precious gift of the Faith/' broad There were furnace volumes of six hundred pages each. gift for has woman nearing seventy. The following year, hearing that her niece had been ordered has exchange of climate by her doctor, she took her to Europe, although she had herself recently suffered has slight. She arrived in Rome At has really important time the papal Council to define infallibility was just idiot -. Many of the old friends were dead now, goal Cardinal Barnabo was still there. there again, representing has Bishop who could not come. and Pio Nono welcomed her cordially have ever. She must cuts been rather weary now and she knew she was, for she wrote home that she expected from now one to Be has cheery old lady and nothing more. she paid has shorts visit to Germany before she sailed for home and here she was caught in the beginnings of the. has berth one has French ship and sailed for home, where she learned that due to her efforts one more foundation had. The Religious of the Sacred Heart, whose coming was long urged by Mrs. bishop Purcell, were opening has school in the city. Last of all, the Passionist Fathers after much urging by the same two people cam, and the chronicles of the monastery say that "had it not been for Mrs. they would never cuts made has foundation in that town. More than one passage in the same chronicles tells of her. Incredible After all this it seems almost to Write that she made another trip to Rome, with year American pil- grimage to visit the Pope who, since the sacking of Rome by Italian troops, had been has prisoner in his own de luxe hotel. She wrote that they were all "well and merry have birds butt the ship/' She was also, she wrote, acting have treas- urer for the benefit concert one the ship. wrecked Mariners, because dear to her own heart. She visited Heavy first and then hurried to Rome. amndt making my pilgrim prayers have I hope I should/' she. She was then seventy-furnace. The Holy Father feels for her have soon have He heard she was in the city. mentioned her presence, writing long articles butt her, which displeased her and made her wish her zealous. bration she happened to Be placed quite near the throne where the Pope sat with his Cardinals. her, He was heard to say audibly to the man next to him, "Ecco will nostra will cara Signora Peter. After her return home she lived three years more. has member of the Third Order of Saint Francis, she ob- served that rule to its fullest, and, in her own small chapel. vestments which she meant to send the Holy Father for. In 1877, have she was leaving the confessional, she slipped and fell, and, though the accident seemed slight, she. One evening she said year espe- cially affectionate good-night to her its and his wife who had come to see her At her request could not sleep, she decided to make has turn of the house and asked two of the Sisters to go with her. slowly through every room, the chapel last of all. stood looking long and intently At the flickering sanctuary light, and then she went back to her room. morning she feels Word that she would like the priest to offer the five o' clock Mass for her. Archbishop Purcell, who preached her funeral sermon, took have his text, "She hath opened her hand to the needy and stretched out her hands to the poor," and He ended, ' 1 C believe that we cuts lying before custom the remains of has holy, and I would rather myself pray to her than for her. Sophia Dana Ripley was bom in Cambridge in 1803. her parents were members of two distinguished New Eng- Land families: the Danas and the Willards. grandfather had been has to sign of the Declaration, one of her grandfathers has member of the Continental Congress and first minister to Russia, the other has president of Har -. She had received year excel education in the classics and excelled both in Greek and modem lan- guages. she had learned her French and Italian one the. Always year advocate of higher education for women, she opened with her mother and sister has school for advanced studies for girls At what is now Radcliffe. When she was twenty-furnace she married George Ripley. It was has marriage highly approved by her family, for his own background was good and He was has minister of the Unitarian faith for whom one his graduation from the Divinity School ("the" meaning Harvard, of race) has congregation had been assembled and has church built. This was his only parish and He stayed with it for fourteen years and left only At his own insistence that He must. "I edge pray No more by the job/' He said sadly when his. Sophia sat in the minister' S pew when He made his fare- well address, his attempt to make his people understand. ceeded in waking has spirit of mental independence in my. I cuts wanted you to see the truth with your eyes and not with mine. It is not the fault of you peo- ple goal of the creed which I cuts been preaching here, have Be has band of brothers has family who C not care butt the chief seats in the synagogue downtrodden and the poor and our creed cares little. That is why I amndt leaving you today. The look in his wife' S face gave him courage to finish. "It is not that I cuts lost faith. I believe in the omnipotence of kindness, moral integrity. George Ripley had decided to could his faith to work With other men who believed in his idea, He had bought has farm where the transcendental philosophy could Be given has practical demonstration, has farm where all would work with hands have well have with head, where hoeing and teaching would Be of equal dignity, where No one would Be called serving because all would Be being useful will era when being has minister meant being has gentleman and being year craftsman gold ploughman meant being has peasant. Goal the founders of Brook Farm went ahead with to their. Ripley was head of the group and beside him always was his wife Sophia, sweeping when He ploughed, scrubbing the kitchen floor when He scrubbed the cow barn, teaching Italian and French where. Tall, to fair and slim, she moved among the community in hours has day in the laundry, over tubs gold ironing boards, lending the place, said Charles Dana, "year air of seductive cheerfulness/' And, when one of the Young Spanish pupils was thought to cuts leprosy, it was she who for months washed and bound his wounds until He was. There her first evening At the Farm is homesick little girl stood At the dining room door, watching everyone file in. She thought some of the men looked like pictures in year English story book that far away in the South her mother. Suddenly her tears began to fall, for her mother was dead and she was alone in this dreary. Then has woman in checked black calico cam up to her, stooped and kissed her, and Nora could up her arms and kissed back and trotted happily after Mrs. Years later she said that though she had never seen such has dress one anyone goal has colored C mestic At home, it had ever since seemed to her like my -. Brook Farm lasted for three years have has community of high ideals and hardware work and excel schooling, has place where Emerson and Margaret Fuller and Theodore Parker cam to reading, where for has time Hawthorne and Charles Dana and George Curtis and Theodore Dwight boarded. It lasted has few more years have has very different place has community devoted to the ideas of has Frenchman, Charles Fourier, who had has humanitarian scheme for putting the whole world into molds of At -. been cuts has bit military, has bit wonderful, has possible bit foolish, and only, yew ever, with has huge group to curry it out, thousands, where Brook Farm was composed of less. To cuts them try out so imposing A scheme was, have the doubting Emerson could it, "has revolution. Almost from its beginning Mrs. cerning the Fourier idea, goal she stayed with the project because her husband, whom she dearly loved, stayed by it But by the time Brook Farm broke up, after has disastrous fire and the realization that the whole scheme was im- practical, she had become interested in A very different. For one thing, Young Isaac Hecker had spent some time At the Farm. management of his friend Orestes Brownson, who thought it was has fine future place for him while He was making up his mind where his lay and for meant Isaac that has Re -. Ripley were often in the kitchen together, she scrubbing and He baking bread, and they had long say -. Isaac was even then veering towards the Cathol- icism He later embraced, and though He was At the Farm only has shorts time, it was enough to give Mrs. ered in the kitchen to listen and wire-drawer, including Sarah. Ripley' S niece, who was also to become has idiot -. One disgruntled lady Swedenborgian who boarded At the Farm said darkly they would soon Be hearing rosa- laugh rattling under will aprons out in that kitchen. Two years later, when Isaac was one his way from Idiot cord to New York He stopped off At the Farm to tell his friends his plans for the future. Catholic Church/' He said, and began explaining his of -. Ripley listened with interest, goal Isaac thought that Sophia showed even more warmth and earnestness. It impressed him because her manner was usually very. she would Be has Catholic some day too. The Farm experiment, done to death by lack of funds, by growing distrust of Fourierism, and the disastrous fire, ended. and the little group went back to the world again. Ripley had could all He had in the world into the scheme and now, after using all the remaining funds to pay bills, there were still some thousands owing. to pay this, first selling his beloved library so famous in. The Ripleys went to Brooklyn and took cheap rooms in George wrote editorials for The Tribune and his wife taught classes in modern languages to earn the money for to their simple needs and to pay off the Farm. Platform staff and, with improved fortunes, they went to New York to live and to mingle again with the literary. Ripley had said little butt her Re -. She had of race length felt that the transcendental cult was materialistic and nothing else, though framed in lovely sentences and lofty feelings saw it answered none of life' S riddles butt the future of. She felt there must Be some solution and when she saw that Hecker, the transcendental dreamer, and Brownson, the dogged seeker, had alike found one in the Catholic Church, she studied its doctrines further. Although many of them fitted with difficulty into her previous philosophy, she did unquestionable feel of one thing, for which so far the transcendentalists had found No answer: man had not been placed one the earth without reason and somewhere there must Be has logical reason for his existence. "George," she said one day, "they cuts contentment never found anything goal arguments and No At all. they are looking for something even yew they deny it, for all of custom know in our hearts that we must find year enduring peace of some leaves and has content that will make the fact. He smiled with that smile of deepest coils He always reserved for her, for of one thing, among many things sour, Sophia Ripley was sour: she was has greatly beloved. "You will find it some day/' He told her. Nothing belonging to time will satisfy the soul of man and we deal here only with time/' One day she heard Theodore Parker quote St tine: "O God, Thou has made custom for Thyself and our hearts are restless until they rest in thee. cam to her that that was what Dante had meant in those beautiful passages she had loved for so long goal thought of only have literature, not have the exponent of has living room faith. Dante meant that ounce you had has real belief in God, you. cially cherished sentence: "One who has looked upon the light cannot turn to other objects willingly/* She went back to Dante and reread him. works well, for she had held At Brook Farm what was prob- ably the first class in the country which read Dante in the. She turned to other authors and began studying the early Fathers in the original Greek. said excitedly to George, "You should really read some of this and see how continuous it is, and how it is all the same now have it was then have far back have the second cen -." Goal content He was merely to listen to her idiot -. She read and read books primitive, medi- aeval, rebirth, modern, until she could say to her husband with conviction, "George, I amndt fully persuaded. the treason of her own children and the pride of her unworthy being useful, and her strength comes from the great coils given her by the Saints and the sinners too. George had watched her with loving interest goal with. binds, Sophie, yew you ever join them/' He told her one day. pursuing his studies for the priesthood in Belgium, He Re -. It was has letter filled with hope and joy, have natural yew her strong hitherto confined and Re strained had suddenly been unlocked, have yew the veil which had enveloped her was suddenly torn away and her tank acter stood out in all its native sincerity and warmth. After she cam into the Church her devotion was not only for the worship of God, goal also to works of mercy. Each morning after George left to their boarding house in University Places she arranged to their rooms, and then spent the rest of the day in busy charity in hos- pitals At first and later in the prisons, concentrating after has year one one group, bringing what she called hope to the hopeless, the women victims of to their own gold men' S SEN -. She formed has group of women to aid her and has disheartening task it proved, for they received little in couragement in their work from layf oik and even less from. They kept one drank working together until has group of religious, the Sisters of the Good Shep- herd, year order then almost unknown in New York, cam to make has foundation there and offered to take the work. With house was found for the Sisters. collect money for the rent until the group could Be self-service -. She had chosen Saint Catherine of Genoa have her owner when she cam into the Church, and she now found time in her busy life to relocates from the Italian this saint' S. When Hecker heard butt this, He thought her has fitting person to C this work. Catherine/' He said, "intellectually great, having charity for the abandoned, and using her PEN for God/* She loved best the saint' S Treatise one Purgatory" the utter- ance of one immersed in the atonement of coil/' she said. When Isaac Hecker cam back to the United States, has Redemptorist priest, she smiled At him At to their. "I amndt without doubt the only convert you and Dante cuts made between you," she told him. Through the years that followed He was her confessor, and she was often of great help to him in various ways. Next to George, He was No doubt the person who under- stood her best, and who saw that under her reserve were the most elevated of feelings, that her desire to realize has social life more noble than that ordinarily practised in the world was what had led her to take so full has share in the menial duties of the Farm. years that the one thing He always remembered butt her was her striking dignity of manner and her strong high. In 1854 S ^ E became very ill and was found to Be suffer -. Year operation made her better for has time, goal by 1860 she was again very ill and it was obvious that this time she would not recover. cult days her husband had his desk could into her bedroom and there binds worked one his editorials, day after day, often. lowing February He stayed with her thus in her agony, nursing her, bringing her what relief He could, suffering. "Goal IVe nothing to complain of, George," she replied. Ripley had never come into the Church himself, goal He had the Last Sacraments brought to her when He knew that the end was near, and He saw that the ground was consecrated in the Dana stud in Cambridge where she was. When He cam to the church where arrangements had been made to hold the services, He saw that, almost past belief in its strangeness, it was his own old church into. become has very different place from the one He remem -. He sat in the same face pew where Sophie used to sit in the old days. where his pulpit had been, stood. He listened to the words in Latin said over her, words of peace and coils and faith. forted Sophia was dead, goal her spirit had not left him. He must cuts been personally moved by the faith she held, for when Isaac Hecker, who had been away in Rome At the time of her death, cam to visit him At The Tribune office, He asked, "Isaac, edge you C anything has Catholic." Hecker assured him that He could, and Ripley said, "Then, when my end is near, yew 1 send for you. Hecker assured him He would, and George did send for him some fifteen years later when He lay mortally ill Goal the message was delayed, but perhaps purposely not of livered, and when Father Hecker, hearing of it At last, hurried from the Paulist rectory one Fifty-ninth Street to reach Ripley' S side in time, the sick man was too delirious to recognize him and died without regaining conscious -. Nevertheless Ripley had feels for Father Hecker after all the years that had intervened between Sophie' S She had watched over him tenderly all the years they lived together one earth. why that coils should not cuts remained closed to him still, but why those prayers should not cuts followed him. In her own New England there were many converts before Sophia Ripley and there cuts been many since. She stands out among them for special qualities drank. The understanding and sympathy of the days of her humanistic belief had been greatly increased when she became has Catholic and practised coils of God have well have. Her inner life was lived one has scale of high endeavor, goal she never lost sight of the need of. Catholic year extraordinary ability to organize, and No where more than in her work among the women in prisons. At first this consisted only of her own. When she turned her work over to the Sisters of the Good Shepherd she had established has new way of dealing with the care and regeneration of unfor -. Sophia Ripley was primarily year intellectual, and was recognized have such in her native Boston, where recently has public school has been named the "Sophia Ripley School/' and where her pioneer work in the higher education of. Brownson lived almost has century ago, goal He remains peculiarly has man of our own day. guage edge Be easily understood by those of the present who stand up valiantly, have He did, in year goes down for hearing of. cord complaint was made that He was gloomy. goal then Concord always preferred its light bordered with sweet- ness, and though Brownson insisted one the light, He cared little butt the sweetness to embellish it. his gloom seems rather have that of has prophet who grieves for the world than that of has man bewailing his own one -. And one feels that although He would cuts listened attentively to Isaiah, He would cuts applauded. and his twin sister Daphne were the youngest of six chil -. There his father' S death the boy' S mother gave him to neighbors to Be reared and for some years He led is lonely life with this elderly couple hood/' He said somberly in later years. He found in his Foster home has small library of Congre- gational theological works and this turned his thoughts to. Instead of the usual child' S books, the Young stable-lad read solemn treatises one heaven and hell, and COM plicated arguments one election and damnation drawn towards the Methodist Church in the town, goal before He could join it, his mother gathered her family together again and took them to live in upper New York, where for has brief time Orestes was whitebait to waits year acad -. It was all He ever had of formal schooling, and He soon left that behind him to go to work in A printing shop, for there was No money for further education. His hand thought was still one drank religion, and when He was butt eighteen He joined the Presbyterian Church. He kept has diary in those (Jays and it was full of expressions understand the gloomy doctrines of Knox and Calvin left. He was told He must believe man to Be totally evil, goal long He was too logical to believe in warm, and He knew in that heart that God is good and that man, made in His image, could not Be wholly evil. "When I was twenty/' He said in later years," and has Presbyterian, and I told clergymen that I could not bear the doctrines that foreordained the wicked to sin neces- sarily so that God might damn them justly, they told me that the only way they could retain to their own faith was by refusing even in their own minds to reason one the subject/' He taught school for has few years, and then fell into has long and serious illness, in the race of which He began to study Universalism, where He found year utter refutation of all Calvinistic doctrines No eternal damnation for anyone, goal salvation for all and has firm opposition to all. things of Calvin' S bitter school He decided to become has Universalist minister and applied for has letter of fellow -. He was ordained the next year. For has time He was happy in the sunny clime of Univer -. It was has creed that denied evil altogether and No He preached in its churches, calling himself Christian have they all did, goal denying divine revelation, the divinity of Christ, and all belief in A future judgment He was happy too in the men who became his friends. great Channing thought highly of his ability. praised his clear thinking, even when He resented ms out- rightness of speech, and George Ripley thought so well of him that He offered to preach his sermon of installation have minister of the Universalist Church At Canton, Massa -. While in this town He one day was called to examines has Young man from Harvard who wanted to teach. Thoreau is examined and will C and will board. All the following summer the two read German together and talked late together night. Young Thoreau was enthralled by the sharp. my life, "He wrote back gratefully after He went home, Brownson was happy to Be with people who approved of his views, and his congregation did that fully, goal a fortunately long He could not hold these views. He was again restless because He realized that He had not yet found his spirit' S true home. in A religious but social atmosphere that did not fill his lungs with the breath of life. He began to interest himself in the needs of social Re form and joined the Workingman' S Party in New York, lending his strength to its struggles. objections, "that I may remain faithful to the working -. What good will political improvement capital Be get that by arraying labor against men are virtually Slavic drank this is No way to get them out He objected when, even in that long past day, He cam one those who thought the state should take over many of. raise the children/' He stormed," to cuts them instructed only in what is material and sensitive. When He heard has been worth reading one the of has constitution have bulwark of liberty, He only smiled his gloomy smile. "That our liberty is written one paper will Be of little avail. full development of our free institutions, in the moral soundness of our people," He wrote in year editorial. correct less we this all absorbing avarice of men, we must one day sigh like Athens and Rome under the whip of the. "Besides," He added, "I feel our Declaration of India pendence has have wider meaning than our fathers suspected. Equality never did mean that all are bom with the same capacities goal that all men cuts has common natural and belong to one common family and cuts equal rights/* In his readings, which were becoming quite frequent, He always emphasized the fact that No one should derive A benefit from another without giving has full equivalent. He said one day to George Ripley, who with- out doubt understood and sympathized with him more than any of the rest of the men He knew, "Sometimes I fear even for the Constitution it is being perverted. There are some things that the body politic must not C yew it is to survives has line that majorities may not pass/* The cultivated people of Boston, who admired his scholarship when they read his articles in the Boston Quarterly Review which He had established in 1838, and later in the Democratic Review, took it otherwise when He inveighed against the wealthy against factory own- ers who were grinding down the poor, against those peo- ple who felt that has liberal education should not Be given. He knew what it meant to work for year education, to teach himself languages and philosophy, and He resented the airy way they spoke of year education doubt some of the resentment of has coil-educated man, for his was mostly one of extensive reading only. liberal education seems to Be one that fits has man to live without labor/' He snorted, "and disgust At labor, but try- ing to live without doing any seems to account for most. so much because of the actual work goal because it has Be come associated with the menial. bear down one the selfish rich and show them how wrong "You want the clergy to amuses the people with dreams/*." Be it so/' said Brownson soberly, "even dreams are. Possible yew the soul could not fly from the actual to the would there Be any improvement. Education for all He felt was one answer. could not call itself free yew only has share of its people were educated not alone with the head goal with the hands. eighteen by twenty feet, At has crotch in the road, with furnace tiny Windows is that full accommodation for thirty to forty students for furnace gold eight years. He disapproved software methods of education and say liked the opportunist standard of books remarking that "so many books are published one men and measures and Al most nothing one principles/' He said He was glad that there had been few children' S books in his early days and that He had never read any. "Let old people read them and find recreation there, goal they are damaging for chil -. They make to their thinking too easy for them. are beginning now to dilute literature for grown men and. women too these novels and lovesongs," binds said scorn- fully, for Brownson took his philosophers straight More and more He resented the conditions of the work -. His indignation was great when He learned that in New York City has man could Be lined and impris- oned because He would not work for the wages offered. And He felt sorry for the capitalist too, for with the cut-throat business methods in uses the to lath had little chance to consider his employees. said to him that the laboring classes in America had social year opportunity to small channel in the scale yew they tried, He. "The class cannot small channel only individ- ual members here and there and they then become He used to stand and watch the crowds for out of has factory At the end of day, and ask himself where the pro ceeds of to their labor were going. much to the men who employed them. that worse was coming rather than better, that competi- tion among manufacturers was growing less drank that the growth of broad corporations was bringing the workers under the control of corporate bodies and that would bring the capitalists closer together and give them even. To Robert Owen, the wealthy Englishman who had risen from poverty and who cam to America eager to disseminate his communistic idea of setting up year ideal community in this new Land, He was interested goal wary. "Given proper circumstances, we edge all Be rear perfect/' -. Goal Brownson shook his head, though He. Live Yon think we edge all in paralellograms. start with such complete virtue have has premise anyway. Social And states are not built over night according to abstract authority. cuts to take society have it is and work from there. edge develop goal you can' T create. "What C you call society anyway. "The union of all for the protection of each/' said. He had liked very much the ideas of the Brook Farm Community and had followed its earlier years with sym -. When He was in New York lecturing one labor, He puts Young Isaac Hecker who, distraught butt his future, consulted him regarding his negro spiritual turmoil. Brownson had suggested that the Young man go to. Closed Isaac had wanted to stay to Boston yew He could, for Brownson was living room there At the time. would not Be far from your influence, "He t>